MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES OF DISASTER
Mitigation and management techniques of
disasters are actions that are taken before, during, and after a disaster to
reduce the impact and severity of the event.
Basic
principles of disaster management:
The basic principles of disaster
management are a set of guidelines that are followed to effectively respond to,
recover from, and reduce the impact of disasters. These principles include:
1.
Risk Reduction: This involves taking action to reduce
the potential impact of a disaster. It includes identifying hazards, assessing
risks, and implementing mitigation measures.
2.
Preparedness: This involves planning and training to
be ready for a disaster before it occurs. It includes creating emergency plans,
conducting drills and exercises, and educating the public on how to prepare for
a disaster.
3.
Emergency Response: This involves taking action to respond
to a disaster as it occurs. It includes activating emergency plans, evacuating
people, and providing medical care and other assistance.
4.
Recovery: This involves taking action to return a community
or area to normal after a disaster. It includes rebuilding infrastructure and
housing, restoring public services, and providing assistance to those affected
by the disaster.
5.
Community Participation: This involves involving the community
in all aspects of disaster management. It includes educating the public about
hazards and risks, involving them in planning and preparedness, and involving
them in recovery efforts.
6.
Coordination: This involves working together with
different organizations and agencies to effectively manage a disaster. It
includes sharing information and resources, and coordinating efforts to respond
to, recover from, and reduce the impact of a disaster.
7.
Continuity: This involves ensuring that essential services and
functions are maintained during and after a disaster. It includes maintaining
critical infrastructure, such as power and water supply, and ensuring that
essential services, such as healthcare and emergency services, are available.
8.
Sustainability: This involves ensuring that disaster
management practices are environmentally friendly and contribute to sustainable
development. It includes ensuring that mitigation measures do not lead to
further environmental degradation, and that recovery efforts contribute to
sustainable development.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
1. Preparedness: This phase involves planning and
training to be ready for a disaster before it occurs. It includes identifying
hazards and risks, creating emergency plans, and educating the public on how to
prepare for a disaster.
2. Response: This phase involves taking action to
respond to a disaster as it occurs. It includes activating emergency plans,
evacuating people, and providing medical care and other assistance.
3. Recovery: This phase involves taking action to
return a community or area to normal after a disaster. It includes rebuilding
infrastructure and housing, restoring public services, and providing assistance
to those affected by the disaster.
4. Mitigation: This phase involves taking action to
reduce the potential impact of a disaster. It includes implementing mitigation
measures, such as retrofitting buildings and infrastructure, and managing water
and other resources.
These four phases are interconnected and
iterative, meaning that they are not always clearly separated, and it's
important to understand that they are not linear, they can overlap and be done
simultaneously in some cases. The process of disaster management is ongoing and
requires continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of the systems and
policies in place.
·
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT POLICY:
Disaster management policies in India are
formulated and implemented by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
and the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs). These policies aim to
reduce the impact of disasters on individuals, communities, and the country as
a whole.
1. National
Disaster Management Policy (NDMP): The NDMP is the overarching policy that
guides the overall disaster management efforts in India. It lays down the
responsibilities and roles of different government agencies and stakeholders in
disaster management.
2. National
Disaster Management Plan (NDMP): The NDMP is a comprehensive plan that outlines
the strategies and actions to be taken before, during, and after a disaster. It
covers disaster preparedness, response, relief, and rehabilitation.
3. National
Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP): This project aims to reduce the impact
of cyclones on coastal communities in India. It includes building of early
warning systems, strengthening of disaster management infrastructure, and
community-based disaster management.
4. National
Flood Management Programme (NFMP): The NFMP is aimed at reducing the impact of
floods on communities. It includes measures such as construction of flood
protection embankments, modernizing river gauging systems, and promoting
community-based disaster management.
5. National
Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP): This project aims to reduce the impact
of cyclones on coastal communities in India. It includes building of early
warning systems, strengthening of disaster management infrastructure, and
community-based disaster management.
6. National
Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The NDRF is a specialized force that is trained
to respond to disasters. It is responsible for search and rescue operations,
providing medical assistance, and distributing relief materials.
7. National
Disaster Management Fund (NDMF): The NDMF is a fund set up by the government to
provide financial assistance for disaster management activities. The fund is
used for disaster preparedness, response, relief, and rehabilitation.
8. National
Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP): This project aims to reduce the impact
of cyclones on coastal communities in India. It includes building of early
warning systems, strengthening of disaster management infrastructure, and
community-based disaster management.
Overall, the disaster management policies in
India focus on reducing the impact of disasters on communities by promoting
preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. The policies also aim to
strengthen the disaster management infrastructure and increase the
participation of communities in disaster management.
·
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY AT NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL
1.
National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA): The NDMA is the
apex body responsible for disaster management in India. It is headed by the
Prime Minister and is responsible for laying down policies and guidelines for
disaster management, and monitoring their implementation.
2.
State Disaster Management Authority
(SDMA): Each state in
India has its own SDMA, which is responsible for disaster management within the
state. The SDMA is headed by the Chief Minister and is responsible for
implementing the policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA.
3.
District Disaster Management Authority
(DDMA): Each district
in India has its own DDMA, which is responsible for disaster management within
the district. The DDMA is headed by the District Collector and is responsible
for implementing the policies and guidelines laid down by the SDMA.
4.
Local Disaster Management Authority
(LDMA): Each local
body, such as a municipality or gram panchayat, has its own LDMA, which is
responsible for disaster management within that local body. The LDMA is
responsible for implementing the policies and guidelines laid down by the DDMA.
All these authorities
work together to ensure effective disaster management at the national, state,
district, and local levels in India. They coordinate their efforts and share
resources to ensure that communities are prepared for and can respond
effectively to disasters.
Roles
and Responsibilities of Govt. authorities:
1.
National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
·
Formulating and reviewing the National
Disaster Management Policy and Plan
·
Coordinating the activities of the State
Disaster Management Authorities and other stakeholders
·
Providing technical and financial assistance
to the states for disaster management
·
Developing and maintaining a national
database on disasters
·
Monitoring and evaluating the implementation
of disaster management policies and programs
2.
State
Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
·
Implementing the policies and guidelines laid
down by the NDMA
·
Coordinating the activities of the District
Disaster Management Authorities and other stakeholders
·
Providing technical and financial assistance
to the districts for disaster management
·
Developing and maintaining a state-level
database on disasters
·
Monitoring and evaluating the implementation
of disaster management policies and programs
3.
District
Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
·
Implementing the policies and guidelines laid
down by the SDMA
·
Coordinating the activities of the Local
Disaster Management Authorities and other stakeholders
·
Providing technical and financial assistance
to the local bodies for disaster management
·
Developing and maintaining a district-level
database on disasters
·
Monitoring and evaluating the implementation
of disaster management policies and programs
4.
Local
Disaster Management Authority (LDMA):
·
Implementing the policies and guidelines laid
down by the DDMA
·
Coordinating the activities of the local
communities and other stakeholders
·
Providing technical and financial assistance
to the local communities for disaster management
·
Developing and maintaining a local-level
database on disasters
·
Monitoring and evaluating the implementation
of disaster management policies and programs.
All
these authorities work together to ensure effective disaster management at the
national, state, district, and local levels in India. They coordinate their
efforts and share resources to ensure that communities are prepared for and can
respond effectively to disasters.
Roles
and Responsibilities Local Self Govt. at various levels:
Local
self-government refers to the system of governance where local communities have
a significant degree of autonomy in managing their own affairs. In India, local
self-government is practiced at various levels, such as:
·
Panchayat level: Panchayats are the smallest
unit of local self-government in India. They are responsible for managing the
day-to-day affairs of the rural areas, such as providing basic amenities like
water, sanitation, and roads.
·
Municipal level: Municipalities are
responsible for managing the affairs of urban areas, such as providing basic
services like water, sanitation, and roads. They also manage solid waste
management, street lighting, and other public services.
·
Metropolitan level: Metropolitan areas are
governed by metropolitan corporations which are responsible for managing the
affairs of large urban areas. They provide services such as water supply,
sewage disposal, and solid waste management.
·
District level: District councils are
responsible for managing the affairs of a district, such as providing basic
services like water, sanitation, and roads. They also manage solid waste
management, street lighting, and other public services.
All
these levels of local self-government are responsible for implementing the
policies and guidelines laid down by the state and central governments. They
also have their own elected representatives who are responsible for managing
the affairs of their respective areas.
Overall,
the local self-government in India plays a crucial role in ensuring that the
needs of the local communities are met and that they have a say in the
decisions that affect their lives. This system of governance empowers local
communities to manage their own affairs and make decisions that are best suited
to their needs.
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